Rapid atrial pacing for 1 week resulted in increased lactate levels in the serum, a notable downregulation of GLUT4 and PDH, and enhanced pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 4 protein and mRNA expressions in rabbits with AF, indicating increased glycolysis but reduced glucose oxidation in their hearts [90,91]. The gene discussed is PDP1; the disease is atrial fibrillation.