While in this study, we did not notice an increase in the secretion of any cytokines commonly affiliated with TLR-induced signaling by neutrophils, such as IL-6, IFN-γ, or IL-10, thus suggesting that the increase in TNF-α secretion by neutrophils seen following OrfV administration was TLR-induced, it would be interesting to investigate the induction of the TLR-signaling pathways activated by OrfV infection, and the subsequent impact this may have on neutrophil antiviral versus antitumor activity within the TME. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.