Finally, treatment with VSL#3 probiotics alleviated obesity, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance, as well as reduced inflammation, downregulating the activation of TNFα/inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKK-β) signaling pathway in high-fat diet-fed mice [173]. Here, IKBKB is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.