CASP3 and Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: In particular, Ni at 100 μM significantly decreased cell viability to 76%, and many cells displayed an abnormal shape and even induced oxidative damage of HCEC by increasing ROS to 1.2 times, and further led to higher apoptosis (24%), evidenced by up-regulation of apoptotic genes Caspase-8, Caspase-9, NF-κB, IL-1β, and Caspase-3, posing a risk of dry eye.