Of note, there was a significant progressive increase in the expression levels of ZBP1, HSPA1B, TMEM173, DDX58, NFKB1 and CHUK from healthy to pre-diabetic by 5, 3.5-, 40-, 84-, 14.3- and 31-folds, respectively), and from the pre-DM group; T2DM individuals by 10.5-, 3.7-, 19.5-, 9.5-, 23- and 3.6-folds, respectively). Here, CHUK is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.