CACNA1D and cardiac hypertrophy: As shown in Figure 11, an increase in Cav1.3 induces an increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration of H9c2 cells, thereby increasing the activation of Ca2+-dependent signalling, Rcan1, calcineurin, and calpain, which subsequently upregulates the gene expression of hypertrophy markers and upregulates the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines by activating the NF-κB/p65-dependent signalling pathway [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28], causing cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation.