TPM4 and lung carcinoma: TPM4 has been reported as an oncogene across different malignancies, including oral squamous cell carcinoma [3], breast cancer [4,5], lung cancer [6,7], hepatocellular carcinoma [8], and ovarian cancer [9], while in uterine cervix cancer [10] and colon cancer [11], higher TPM4 indicated a better prognosis.