Fig 1A illustrates the experimental approach and timelines, the findings from which we present below. Initially, juvenile flukes were subjected to transfection after which reduction in transcription of the targeted genes, Ov-grn-1 and Ov-tsp-2, was verified. Subsequently, following successful KO of transcription in vitro, additional juvenile O. viverrini were transfected with the CRISPR plasmids before infection of hamsters. The gene discussed is THBS2; the disease is infection.