CSF1 and infection: Importantly, we found that infection of adipose tissue stromal vascular cells drives an inflammatory response, characterized by increased secretion of cytokines and chemokines associated with COVID-19 severity, including IP-10, PDGFAA, PDGFAB/BB, IL-4, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (MCSF) (43, 45, 109–116), and the induction of ISGs within both the infected macrophages and within the generally uninfected preadipocytes.