TNF and COVID-19: In SARS-CoV-2 infected lung, presence of IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, and IL-8 indicate IL-17 induced MAPK and NF-κB mediate signaling [11]; MAPK was shown to be activated during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasopharyngeal swabs of severe COVID-19 patients [42].