TGFB1 and Immunodeficiency: In insects, signal transduction pathways, including the Toll, immune deficiency (IMD), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) and the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathways, coordinate to mediate immune responses [27,28].