UCP2 and Thiamine deficiency: In addition to these agents, promoters of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis (such as ferulic acid, melatonin, urolithin A, N1-methylnicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside, thymoquinone, PQQ, berberine, astaxanthin, spermidine), UCP2 inducers (astaxanthin, capsaicin), inhibitors of NAPDH oxidase (spirulina), recouplers of eNOS (high-dose folate, citrulline), and correction of diabetic thiamine deficiency should help to quell the oxidative stress associated with diabetes.