Subsequently, with the participation of gut microbiota, multiple pathways including NF-κB, IL-6/STAT3, interleukin-23 (IL-23)/T helper type 17 (Th17), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Wnt/β-catenin were activated for initiation and development of UC-CRC [48,49] (Figure 1). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and colorectal carcinoma.