This result is also confirmed by recent finding that EMPA treatments ameliorated hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1b, IL-6, and IFN-γ) and inflammatory chemokines (MCP-1, C-C motif chemokine ligand) in NAFLD mouse models (Lee et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.