VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: This process is accompanied by upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and oxidized lipids and adhesion molecules mutually promote the plaque formation process of atherosclerosis (Blankenberg et al., 2003; Malekmohammad et al., 2019).