In contrast, IL-10 was significantly lower in PPA-rodent model of autism, and much higher in bee pollen and probiotics treated and protected rats which show anti-inflammatory effects, shown as marked reductions in IL-1ß, IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, and a significant elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Here, CXCL8 is linked to autism.