TNF and colorectal cancer: Wang et al. (2019) found that sophocarpine inhibited the migration of colorectal cancer cells by downregulating the MEK/ERK/VEGF pathway. Huang et al. (2019) found that in gastric cancer cells, sophocarpine caused autophagy by arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and induced apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In addition, Zhang et al. (2008) reported the anti-cachexia effect of sophocarpine by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6.