TNF and neoplasm: It exerts its pro-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or molecules that regulate inflammation, and by producing substances such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS, a synthase involved in arginine metabolism) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (15, 34).