CD274 and cancer: ICIs have been widely used in cancer treatment, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), whereas limited therapeutic effects in those with poor PD-L1 expression, lymphocyte deficiency, immune effector cells failed to infiltrate into tumor microenvironment (TME), insufficient host recognition of tumor antigen and so on (4).