Clinical observations show that in patients with ovarian cancer, plasma clearance of NPs correlates with the plasma CCL2 and monocyte count.105 This is substantiated by the fact that an altered clearance of PLD has been observed in CCL2 knock-out mice.106 The particulate nature of NPs is responsible for the activation of the immune system which results in substantial variability in PK parameters depending on the patients’ adaptive immunity which is also influenced by the disease state. The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is ovarian cancer.