SPP1 expression correlates with poor prognosis in many cancer types, including biliary cancer, and SPP1+ TAMs have been identified in other CPI-insensitive diseases including colorectal cancer (Muliaditan et al., 2018; Sulpice et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2020a; Zheng et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and colorectal cancer.