Furthermore, compared to normal pregnant women, women with GDM had greater serum triacylglycerol concentrations but lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations.25 Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein concentrations in GDM patients and control subjects were not substantially different in research by Nawalet al.26 Hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia stimulate the development of leptin, which decreases insulin production.27 As a result, albeit being insignificant, there was a positive connection between leptin and all lipid markers in the current investigation. This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.