In experimental and human kidney diseases with renal fibrosis, regardless the initial cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), TGF-β1 signalling is activated, such as diabetic nephropathy,26–28 obstructive kidney disease,29 5⁄6 nephrectomy,30 hypertensive nephropathy,31 and glomerular diseases (IgA nephropathy, FSGS, lupus nephritis, crescentic GN). Here, TGFB1 is linked to renal fibrosis.