TP53 and cancer: Furthermore, because most cancer cells carrying p53 gene mutations express mutated p53 in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus, cytoplasmic mutated p53 has been suggested to confer a cellular function, referred to as gain of function (Acin et al., 2011; Amelio and Melino, 2020; Bargonetti and Prives, 2019; Oren and Rotter, 2010; van Oijen and Slootweg, 2000; Yue et al., 2017).