AIF1 and Stroke: In recent rodent stroke studies, Tan IIA increased antioxidant enzyme levels and reduced the generation of oxidative products resulting in decreased cell apoptosis.18,20 Tan IIA also caused increased levels of IL-4 and IL-13 and activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR survival signaling pathway.21,22,40,41 In this study, we demonstrated increased survivability of transplanted iNSCs and the most significant increases in endogenous neuron survival and decreases in Iba1 + immune cell activity in the brain tissues of Tan IIA-NP + iNSC treated pigs.