None of the genes previously associated with congenital bladder outflow obstruction showed evidence of enrichment: BNC2 (congenital lower urinary tract obstruction, MIM 618612); FLNA (frontometaphyseal dysplasia, MIM 305620); HPSE2 and LRIG2 (urofacial syndrome, MIM 236730/615112); CHRM3 (prune-belly syndrome, MIM 100100); MYOCD (megabladder, MIM 618719). This evidence concerns the gene HPSE2 and Ochoa syndrome.