TGFB1 and melanoma: During the evolution of melanoma, activated macrophages produce TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-1α (interleukin 1α), arachidonic acid metabolites, and extracellular proteases, while melanocytes express IL-8 and VEGF-α (vascular endothelial growth factor-α) and induce angiogenesis [34].