ALB and metabolic syndrome: As shown in Table 1, participants with CVD events compared to those without differed significantly on baseline characteristics of frailty and frailty-related risk factors, showing higher baseline frequencies of pre-frailty and frailty and frailty domains, indexes of socioeconomic deprivation and isolation, depression and cognitive impairment, as well as established cardio-metabolic, vascular and inflammatory risk factors or markers: diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, as well as low albumin, high creatinine and white cell count.