CXCL12 and neoplasm: It has been demonstrated that the RGS16 protein not only regulates GPCR through classical signaling pathways, but also regulates tumor and inflammatory diseases through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), Ras homolog family member A (Rho A) , stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) and other signaling pathways (Johnson et al., 2003; Berthebaud et al., 2005; Liang et al., 2009).