Hence, the mature IL-18 and the high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) are sequentially released outside of the cells (Chen et al., 2020) and both of them are evidenced to have high expression in the intestinal epithelium in IBD (Pizarro et al., 1999; Fujii et al., 2008). This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and inflammatory bowel disease.