Post hoc analyses of the Ramipril and Efficacy trial in nephropathy (Ruggenenti et al., 2000) also showed that the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy was more nephroprotective in females than in males largely because Ramipril reduced proteinuria and the rate of GFR decline in females independently of their ACE polymorphism. This evidence concerns the gene ACE and Nephropathy.