TGFB1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: In addition, Gal-3 interacts with many signaling molecules, including TGF-β1, which induces fibrosis during chronic inflammatory diseases (Weiskirchen et al., 2019), plays a crucial role in the PAH pathogenesis and is a promising target to treat this disease (Sanada et al., 2021; Andre et al., 2022).