TGF-β1-induced EMT in IPF is controversial, with some studies demonstrating that TGF-β can induce characteristics of EMT in some alveolar epithelial cell lines (such as A549 cells, which harbor a KRAS mutation).66, 67, 68 Whilst other studies in primary ATII cells found that TGF-β was unable to induce EMT.58 The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.