TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In HCC, alterations in several oncogenic pathways, such as Wnt/β-Catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathways, can affect T-cell recruitment and function.