Combination therapy has been pre-evaluated in mouse cancer models where, according to the model and experimental design, therapeutic co-administration of TGFβ blockade and anti-PD-L1 antibodies reduced TGFβ signaling in stromal cells, promoted T-cell infiltration into tumor centers, and provoked potent antitumor immunity and tumor regression (62). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.