GPC1 and colorectal carcinoma: For example, phosphatidylinositol glycan-1 (GPC1) is a cell surface proteoglycan rich in cancer cell-derived exosomes, and Melo et al. (120) identified that GPC1 has the potential for early detection of pancreatic cancer lesions to promote the possibility of curative surgical treatment (120) found that CRC cell-derived exosomal HSPC111 protein promotes pre-metastatic niche formation and CRC liver metastases (CRLM) via reprogramming lipid metabolism in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which implicate HSPC111 may be a potential therapeutic target for preventing CRLM (149).