TNF and Stroke: Furthermore, tDCS treatment significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β (Regner et al., 2020), IL-6 (Zhang et al., 2020), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (Callai et al., 2022) and increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 (Zhang et al., 2020) in cerebral ischemic penumbra, which can inhibit the neuroinflammatory response in cerebral ischemic penumbra and produce neuroprotective effects in the early stage of stroke.