TNF and cancer: This is supported by the findings that 1) inhibition of TNFα signaling almost completely block the apoptosis induced by LPS plus IAP antagonist (Figure 6A); and 2) inhibition of either TLR4 or MyD88 blocks not only LPS-induced TNFα production by MDA-MB-231 cells (Figure 6B and Supplementary Figure 2) but also the cancer cell apoptosis induced by LPS plus IAP antagonist (Figures 3, ).