The damaged intestinal barrier is unable to prevent the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms, enabling the transport of E. coli-derived (LPS), etc., which are recognized by their specific receptors, such as TOLL-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and activate downstream NF-κB signaling pathway induces increased levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α and more neutrophil infiltration, leading to more severe colitis (99). Here, TLR4 is linked to colitis.