In addition to its antiviral protective effects, MDA5 is associated with autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which may be associated with chronic induction of type I interferon, leading to initiation or enhancement of autoinflammation and autoimmune condition (39). This evidence concerns the gene IFIH1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.