Factors secreted by mast cells such as matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP2, MMP9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), proteases, MHCII proteins, co-stimulatory factors (CD86, CD40, CD40L), and adhesion-related molecules (ICAM-1) are tumor-promotive (47, 48) and can be shuttled by mast cell-derived exosomes to promote carcinogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene CD86 and neoplasm.