NLRP3 and inflammatory bowel disease: For instance, exosomes derived from milk contain immune-related miRNAs that showed excellent therapeutic efficacy against inflammatory bowel diseases in vivo (71); grape-derived exosomes modulated intestinal homeostasis and were protective against inflammatory bowel diseases (72) such as dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis (73); and ginger-originated exosomes inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key innate immune response regulator typically activated in Alzheimer’s diseases and type II diabetes (74).