TGFB1 and neoplasm: A considerable percentage of nonneoplastic cells are TAMs, creating a supporting stromal environment essential for tumor cell growth and invasion (59, 60) by releasing a great variety of chemokines and cytokines, such as TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β), MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2), and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor).