Furthermore, due to too few cells after stimulation, the failure to perform further subset analysis of cTfh1, cTfh2 and cTfh17 in MRL/lpr mice based on the expression of PD1 and ICOS is also a limitation of this study, and modified animal experiments should be performed to explore the role of Tfh cells and their subsets in lupus mice in the future. This evidence concerns the gene ICOS and systemic lupus erythematosus.