CD4 and chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Additionally, the CCL19-CCR7 axis was shown to promote hepatitis virus clearance in chronic hepatitis B patients through T cell activation and identified that CD4+ T cells expressing CXCR5 (Tfh) and IFN-γ were positively correlated with immune activation (45), which is aligned with the observed ability of the rASP-1 activated human cDCs to induce differentiation in vitro of T cells into Th1 and Tfh1 cells (Figure 7).