In addition, viral infection-related flares of SLE likely involve the IFNAR1, while infections related to other microbes likely trigger disease flares via alternative signaling pathways not necessarily involving the IFNAR1, e.g., Toll-like receptors-2, -4, and -5 for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria (60). The gene discussed is IFNAR1; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.