Mechanistically, similar to what happens in the periphery during T2DM, the TLR/NF-κB-mediated production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by stimulated microglia and astrocytes, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α, result in PICR activation on neurons during AD and PD. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Parkinson disease.