GIPR and Alzheimer disease: Notably, the latter normalizing effects on Akt and GSK-3β, as related to the re-sensitization of the insulin pathway in the brain, were replicated by several GLP-1R or GLP-1R/GIPR dual agonists in different AD cell (Jantrapirom et al., 2020) and animal models (Chen et al., 2012; Ma et al., 2012; Cai et al., 2014; Qi et al., 2016; Cao et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2019; Paladugu et al., 2021).