AIF1 and infection: Microglia and astrocytes can adopt a pro-inflammatory M1 profile in the presence of oxidative stress, amyloids, infections, injury or during the aging process, as characterized by the upregulation of reduced ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) (microgliosis) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (astrogliosis).