In PD-specific contexts, with GLP-1R/GIPR dual agonists showing the best effects, GLP-1R induction by various incretin mimetics rescued SH-SY5Y cells and primary hippocampal, cortical or dopaminergic neurons from 6-OHDA or rotenone-provoked mitochondrial complex I dysfunction, the associated intercellular ROS accumulation and apoptosis (Li et al., 2009, 2010c,2020c; Jalewa et al., 2016; Zhang L.Y. et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene GLP1R and Parkinson disease.