GCG and Parkinson disease: APE1 further appears to be the only upregulated BER enzyme in response to glutamate-associated oxidative stress (Yang et al., 2010) as well as BDNF (Yang et al., 2014), while GLP-1-inducing agents were shown to raise the expression of BDNF in WT (Ohtake et al., 2014; Park et al., 2021), AD (Tai et al., 2018; Park et al., 2021) and PD-like animals (Ji et al., 2016; Lv et al., 2021) (see section “GLP-1 mimetics stimulate BDNF synthesis in neurons and glia”).