TNF and Alzheimer disease: In agreement with suppressing glial activity, Exendin-4, NLY01 or liraglutide reduced the expression of NF-κB (Feng et al., 2018; Yun et al., 2018; Lv et al., 2021) and the subsequent synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and complement component 1q (C1q) in the hippocampus and nigrostriatal regions of various AD and PD animal models (Kim et al., 2009; Feng et al., 2018; Yun et al., 2018; Lv et al., 2021; Park et al., 2021; Zhang L.Y. et al., 2021).