LRRK2 and Parkinson disease: In PD, mitochondrial dysfunction may arise as a consequence of gene mutations that exacerbate oxidative stress, impair the mitochondrial function and impede ATP generation, such as DJ1, leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) or the mitophagy-associated modulators PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin.