GCG and Alzheimer disease: Similarly, the GLP-1/GIP dual incretin DA-JC4 reverted the elevated phopsho-Ser1101-IRS-1 and diminished phospho-Akt levels in the cortex and hippocampus of the i.c.v. STZ-injected AD rodent model (Shi et al., 2017), while liraglutide elevated the levels of phosphorylated IRs in cortical areas of WT and 5xFAD mice (Paladugu et al., 2021).