BDNF and Parkinson disease: For example, Aβ1–42-provoked decreases in the cerebral BDNF levels could be rescued with the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 (Prakash and Kumar, 2014; Chen et al., 2015), whereas reduced BDNF transcription co-occurred with elevated IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA levels as well as reactive microglia numbers in the SNpc, striatum and hippocampus of PD and Lewy Body Disease patients (Sawada et al., 2006).