Similarly, the GLP-1/GIP dual incretin DA-JC4 reverted the elevated phopsho-Ser1101-IRS-1 and diminished phospho-Akt levels in the cortex and hippocampus of the i.c.v. STZ-injected AD rodent model (Shi et al., 2017), while liraglutide elevated the levels of phosphorylated IRs in cortical areas of WT and 5xFAD mice (Paladugu et al., 2021). Here, IRS1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.