TNF and Parkinson disease: Ultimately, chronic neuroinflammation in AD and PD evokes the TNFα and IL-1β-mediated permeabilization of the BBB, immune cell infiltration in to the CNS, mitochondrial and axonal defects, synaptic damage, insulin resistance in the brain as well as cytokine/chemokine/ROS/NO-provoked microglial, astroglial and neuronal dysfunction and death (Smith et al., 2012; Morales et al., 2014; Reich and Holscher, 2020).