CBS and vitamin B12 deficiency: We found that current animal models of hyperhomocysteinemia, such as the Mtrr−/− and CBS−/− transgenics or dietary manipulations (e.g. folate/vitamin B12 deficiency or high‐methionine diet) are closely associated with adverse genetic/epigenetic influences on embryonic development and vascular pathologies (Beard & Bearden, 2011; Padmanabhan et al., 2013; Troen et al., 2003).