Moreover, TGF-β signaling is responsible for cisplatin resistance [99, 100]. The “TGF-β1-FOXM1-HMGA1-TGF-β1” positive feedback loop plays a crucial role in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC by upregulating the expression of G6PD, a critical enzyme of the PPP, while interrupting the “FOXM1-HMGA1-G6PD” pathway can sensitize the cells to cisplatin, providing a potential therapeutic target to strengthen chemosensitivity in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC  [101]. Here, HMGA1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.