Finally, in sAR(-) regions, we found an upregulation of several interesting pathways (Fig. 5d), of which the four most prominent ones were also upregulated in the non-responding tumor factors (ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, PI3K-AKT, and Proteoglycans in cancer; Fig. 4b), together with TGF-β. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.