SMAD2 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For instance, SNORD78, which is upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and associated with poor prognosis, may contribute to the invasion and EMT in NCSLC probably through aberrant methylation of CDH1 [69] and SNORD113–1, which is downregulated in HCC, inhibits tumor cell growth via inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 in the MAPK-ERK and TGF-β pathways [70].